Vocabulary study is always a tricky topic. I don’t know of anyone who likes rote memorization, but I’ve always been horrible at picking up words in context as well. Add to that I’m doing all of my vocabulary in kanji these days, and the task feels harder than ever. Where as before I simply had to remember, for example, ?? = cat, now the task is more along the lines of ? = ?? = cat. Thanks to Remembering the Kanji 1 I can often link the kanji / compound to the English meaning faster than I can the Japanese reading, but sometimes I can’t remember the Japanese reading at all.
This is a fairly simple example, but let’s take ?? for example. With the RTK1 keywords of “suspend, fate” I may be able to recall the English meaning of “eagerness” far easier than I can “????.” This wouldn’t be a problem if my on-yomi reading ability was stronger, but I need a much larger vocabulary to build that. But where as ???? = fate was giving me the answer first and making my life easier in the past, ?? gives no such clues without the on-yomi.
So, what can you do when you just can’t remember the Japanese word or reading in question? I personally know of only a few methods. First is good old rote memorization. Repeat ?? enough times, and ???? will eventually become clearer. This has the advantage that it forces the actual reading of the kanji deeper into your head, as it’s really all you have to rely on. It’s slow going and at times frustrating, especially if you’re learning new vocab regularly, but it should be your primary method. But for the words that really give you a hard time and just refuse to stick? There are a few things to try.
In the back of Remembering the Kanji vol 2, deep where no poor lost reader, once hopeful of a system as easy and friendly as RTK1 dares lurk, there is a “Primitive Phonemes” system. Using Heisig’s system, which is usually only used on kun-yomi words but works equally well here, one would break the reading ???? down into single syllable Japanese words. ??????? like so:
? = hair
? = heavens (??)
? = eye
? = well
And you’d make up a story, like in RTK1, along the lines of “The girl with golden hair like the heavens and an insatiable eagerness looked with a curious eye down the deep, dark well.” Now, obviously, this takes a few minutes time. But a few minutes spent on a really hard word in the beginning can save a lot of frustration later. Heisig also suggests that as your vocabulary grows, you can move from single syllable words to any Japanese word you know. For example, you could break ???? into:
?? = sword
?? = destiny
and likewise make a story out of that involving eagerness, sword, and destiny. This is handy as the system can easily scale upwards to handle long words and keeps you thinking in Japanese, but also perhaps confusing as the sounds you create may conflict with the actual kanji in use, in this case suspend and fate. However, this technique is not intended for long term use, but rather as a short term memory aid until the word naturally finds a place in your vocabulary.
A similar but alternative solution is to instead link the syllables to English words of your choosing, usually sound-alike or spelled alike words. For example:
?? = Ken
?? = may
and similarly make a story with Ken, may, and eagerness. The advantage here is that, depending on the word and your experience, the name Ken and word “may” might be much easier to recall than ?? / sword?and ?? / fate. The disadvantage being that it may also be quite confusing and makes you think more in English.
The final method is simply to link the entire word ???? to an English sounding word or words. This can be both powerful and simple, but lacks the systemization of the other methods, leading chosen words to be a bit erratic. Plus sometimes, it’s really hard to think of any examples. In fact, in this case I would link ???? to “Ken may” as well, as I can’t think of a single word that sounds like ????.
So which system is best? That’s easy… on-yomi and memorization. The kanji are a natural mnemonic built right in. But for those really tricky words that you just can’t get past and need a scaffolding to support you while you build your skills, I would say use a combination of the above. If it sounds just like a single word you know, then link the reading to that. If the word is completely foreign, try to break it up and see what you can make out of it. And if you like Heisig’s method of using Japanese vocab to remember Japanese vocab, then by all means give that a shot as well.